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Devotion picture of the Sacred Heart being adored by Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque and Blessed Mary of the Divine Heart
Venerated in	Roman Catholic Church Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate Anglican Communion Lutheran Church
Feast	19 days after Pentecost (Friday)
Attributes	Burning bloodied heart, surmounted with cross and thorns
Patronage	Apostleship of Prayer

True Bodily and Spiritual Enlightenment of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (picture in the Church of Saint-Gervais-et-Saint-Protais, Paris, France)

The devotion to the Sacred Heart (also known as the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, Sacratissimum Cor Iesu in Latin) is one of the most widely practiced and well-known Roman Catholic devotions, taking the heart of the resurrected Body as the representation of the love by Jesus Christ God, which is 'his heart, pierced on the Cross', and 'in the texts of the New Testament is revealed to us as God's boundless and passionate love for mankind'.^[1]

This devotion is predominantly used in the Roman Catholic Church, followed by the high-churchAnglicans, Lutherans and Eastern Catholics. In the Roman Catholic Church, the liturgical Solemnities of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus is celebrated the first Friday after the octave of Corpus Christi, or 19 days after Pentecost Sunday.^[2]

The devotion is especially concerned with what the Church deems to be the long-suffering love and compassion of the heart of Christ towards humanity. The popularization of this devotion in its modern form is derived from a Roman Catholic nun from France, Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque, who said she learned the devotion from Jesus during a series of apparitions to her between 1673 and 1675,^[3] and later, in the 19th century, from the mystical revelations of another Roman Catholic nun in Portugal, Blessed Mary of the Divine Heart, a religious of the Good Shepherd, who requested in the name of Christ that Pope Leo XIII consecrate the entire world to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Predecessors to the modern devotion arose unmistakably in the Middle Ages in various facets of Catholic mysticism, particularly with Saint Gertrude the Great.^[4]

2History of the devotion
- 2.1Early devotion
3Papal approval
7Sacred Heart imagery
8Promises of the Sacred Heart

Description[edit]

The Sacred Heart is often depicted in Christian art as a flaming heart^[5] shining with divine light, pierced by the lance-wound, encircled by the crown of thorns, surmounted by a cross, and bleeding. Sometimes, the image is shown shining within the bosom of Christ with his wounded hands pointing at the heart. The wounds and crown of thorns allude to the manner of Jesus' death, while the fire represents the transformative power of divine love.

Catholic holy card depicting the Sacred Heart of Jesus, circa 1880. Auguste Martin collection, University of Dayton Libraries

History of the devotion[edit]

Image representing the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Saint Vincent de Paul Parish Church, Ermita, Manila, Philippines

Early devotion[edit]

Historically the devotion to the Sacred Heart is an outgrowth of devotion to what is believed to be Christ's sacred humanity.^[6] During the first ten centuries of Christianity, there is nothing to indicate that any worship was rendered to the wounded Heart of Jesus.^[7]

The revival of religious life and the zealous activity of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux and Saint Francis of Assisi in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, together with the enthusiasm of the Crusaders returning from the Holy Land, gave a rise to devotion to the Passion of Jesus Christ and particularly to practices in honour of the Sacred Wounds.^[8]

Devotion to the Sacred Heart developed out of the devotion to the Holy Wounds, in particular to the Sacred Wound in the side of Jesus. The first indications of devotion to the Sacred Heart are found in the eleventh and twelfth centuries in the fervent atmosphere of the Benedictine or Cistercianmonasteries, in the world of Bernardine thought. But it is impossible to say with certainty what were its first texts or who were its first devotees.

Sacred Heart at the centre of a rose window, Santa Ifigênia Church, São Paulo, Brazil

Saint Bernard (d. 1153) said that the piercing of Christ's side revealed his goodness and the charity of his heart for us. The earliest known hymn to the Sacred Heart, 'Summi Regis Cor Aveto', is believed to have been written by the Norbertine Blessed Herman Joseph (d.1241) of Cologne, Germany. The hymn begins: 'I hail Thee kingly Heart most high.'

From the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries, the devotion was propagated but it did not seem to have been embellished. It was everywhere practised by individuals and by different religious congregations, such as the Franciscans, Dominicans, and Carthusians. Among the Franciscans the devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus has its champions in Saint Bonaventure (d. 1274) in his Vitis Mystica ('Mystic Vine'), B. John de la Verna, and the Franciscan Tertiary Saint Jean Eudes (1602–1680).^[9] Bonaventure wrote: 'Who is there who would not love this wounded heart? Who would not love in return Him, who loves so much?”^[10] It was, nevertheless, a private, individual devotion of the mystical order. Nothing of a general movement had been inaugurated, except for similarities found in the devotion to the Five Holy Wounds by the Franciscans, in which the wound in Jesus's heart figured most prominently.

Saint Lutgarde[edit]

According to Tomass Merton, Saint Lutgarde (d.1246), a Cistercian mystic of Aywieres, Belgium, was one of the great precursors of the devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. A contemporary of St. Francis, she '.. entered upon the mystical life with a vision of the pierced Heart of the Saviour, and had concluded her mystical espousals with the Incarnate Word by an exchange of hearts with Him.'^[11] Sources say that Christ came in a visitation to Lutgarde, offering her whatever gift of grace she should desire; she asked for a better grasp of Latin, that she might better understand the word of God and sing God's praise. Christ granted her request and Lutgarde's mind was flooded with the riches of psalms, antiphons, readings, and responsories. However, a painful emptiness persisted. She returned to Christ, asking to return his gift, and wondering if she might, just possibly, exchange it for another. 'And for what would you exchange it?' Christ asked. 'Lord, said Lutgarde, I would exchange it for your Heart.' Christ then reached into Lutgarde and, removing her heart, replaced it with his own, at the same time hiding her heart within his breast.^[12]

Saint Mechtilde[edit]

Saint Mechtilde of Helfta (d.1298) became an ardent devotee and promoter of Jesus’ heart after it was the subject of many of her visions. The idea of hearing the heartbeat of God was very important to medieval saints who nurtured devotion to the Sacred Heart.^[13] Mechtilde reported that Jesus appeared to her in a vision and commanded her to love Him ardently, and to

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